Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
COPD, also known as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, is a progressive lung disease characterized by persistent narrowing of the airways and continuous limitation of lung function. It is often accompanied by symptoms such as coughing, sputum production, and shortness of breath, and typically develops over many years. The main cause of COPD is usually smoking, but exposure to harmful environmental substances such as dust or chemicals can also increase the risk of developing COPD. In many countries, COPD is among the leading causes of death, as it can lead to serious health problems in advanced stages. Early diagnosis, proper treatment, and prevention are crucial to alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
What is COPD?
COPD is the English abbreviation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. In the strict sense, it refers to a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airway obstruction and reduced breathing capacity. It typically leads to ongoing breathing difficulties and progressive deterioration of lung function. Unlike asthma, another common respiratory disease, COPD is not fully reversible. Asthma is characterized by inflammatory reactions in the airways that are often triggered by allergens or irritants and can usually subside with treatment. COPD, however, leads to permanent irreversible narrowing of the airways and permanent damage to lung tissue. Other lung diseases such as bronchitis or pulmonary emphysema can also be part of COPD, with the term “COPD” generally encompassing both conditions in a broader sense. It is important to distinguish between these diseases during diagnosis to select the appropriate treatment and therapy.
COPD Definition
COPD is a chronic, obstructive lung disease that damages the airways and lung tissue. Characteristic of COPD is its chronic course, where symptoms persist over a long period and worsen over time. Obstructive refers to the narrowing of the airways, where inflammation and damage lead to restricted air circulation. These narrowed airways cause the typical symptoms of COPD, such as shortness of breath and coughing. The development of COPD is closely linked to smoking and other harmful environmental factors, which cause damage to the airways over many years. Chronic bronchitis, in particular, contributes significantly to the development of the disease. Through repeated inflammation and swelling of the bronchi, obstructive bronchitis can develop over time, where the airways become blocked by mucus, inflammation, and scar tissue. This process leads to permanent limitation of lung function and thus promotes the development of COPD.
Types of COPD
COPD encompasses several clinical pictures that can exhibit different symptoms depending on severity. The most common forms of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which often occur simultaneously but can also exist independently of each other. While chronic bronchitis is characterized by persistent cough and increased mucus production, emphysema leads to destruction of the alveoli, significantly impairing oxygen uptake. Each form is characterized by its own features and treatment approaches, however, they all have in common that they narrow the airways and deteriorate lung function in the long term. In diagnosis and therapy, it is important to distinguish between the different forms of COPD to ensure effective treatment.
- COPD with Chronic Bronchitis / Bronchiolitis This form of COPD primarily affects the small airways and bronchi. Prolonged inflammation leads to chronic inflammation that narrows the airways and results in increased mucus production. In severe cases, the inflammation can also affect the bronchioles, further restricting air supply.
- COPD with Pulmonary Emphysema Pulmonary emphysema is another form of COPD in which there is direct destruction of lung tissue. The alveoli, also known as air sacs, lose their elasticity and capacity to take in air. This leads to limited oxygen supply. Patients with this form of COPD often experience severe shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. It is therefore often particularly severe and leads to progressive deterioration of lung function.
In many cases, both forms of COPD can occur simultaneously, which can make diagnosis and treatment even more difficult. Therefore, it is important to identify the exact form of the disease in order to start appropriate therapy and treat the symptoms in a targeted manner.
COPD Stages (GOLD Classification)
The GOLD classification is often used to classify COPD into different stages to determine the severity of the disease and choose the appropriate treatment. These stages are based on lung function, measured by the FEV1 value (Forced expiratory volume in 1 second). This is the volume of air a person can forcibly exhale in one second. Additionally, symptoms and severity of breathlessness are taken into account.
Stage 1 (Mild)
In the first stage, lung function is usually only slightly impaired. Symptoms are mild and often occur only during physical exertion. There may be a slight cough and sputum production, but breathlessness and impairment of daily activities are still very minimal. Patients in this stage often don’t have a diagnosis yet or experience symptoms only rarely.
Stage 2 (Moderate)
In the second stage, symptoms become noticeable for patients. There is a moderate limitation of lung function, and patients increasingly notice shortness of breath, particularly during physical exertion. Cough and sputum production may also become more prominent. At this stage, the disease is often diagnosed and initial therapeutic measures such as medications or breathing exercises are introduced.
Stage 3 (Severe)
In the third stage, symptoms worsen considerably. There is pronounced shortness of breath that occurs even with light physical activity. Mucus production and chronic cough are more evident, and lung function is significantly deteriorated. Patients in this stage may find it difficult to perform their daily activities, and more intensive therapy, such as regular inhalations, becomes necessary.
Stage 4 (Very Severe)
The fourth stage is the most severe stage of COPD and is also referred to as the end stage. Here, the airways are already massively restricted, and severe shortness of breath occurs even at rest or with minimal exertion. Lung function is severely impaired, and patients often require supplemental oxygen therapy to maintain adequate blood oxygen levels. At this stage, quality of life can be severely restricted, and life expectancy may be reduced due to the severe limitations in lung function.
The GOLD classification thus helps physicians to more accurately determine the severity of COPD and develop an appropriate therapy to slow the progression of the disease and alleviate symptoms.
COPD Causes and Risk Factors
COPD develops over several years and is often the result of repeated or prolonged harmful exposure to the lungs. This disease leads to a gradual deterioration of respiratory function and can significantly impair the quality of life of those affected. There are a variety of causes and risk factors that increase the risk of developing COPD. Some of these factors are avoidable, while others, such as genetic predisposition, cannot be influenced. In the following sections, we will outline the most important causes and risk factors for COPD.
Smoking
Smoking is the main cause of COPD and is responsible for approximately 80-90% of cases. Tobacco smoke contains harmful substances that cause increased inflammation in the airways and permanently impair lung function. Over the years, smokers therefore develop chronic inflammation, which leads to narrowing of the airways and loss of lung tissue.
Environmental Factors
Air pollution, dust, and chemical vapors are also significant risk factors for COPD. People who live in heavily polluted areas or work in occupations with increased exposure to harmful particles or vapors are particularly at risk of developing COPD. These substances can damage the lungs over time and trigger chronic inflammation.
Genetic Predisposition: Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
A rarer but significant risk factor is Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency. This genetic disorder results in the body not producing enough Alpha-1 antitrypsin, a protein that protects the lungs from the harmful effects of enzymes. A deficiency of this protein increases the risk of developing COPD, even in non-smokers.
Heredity
While Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is inherited, COPD itself is not directly inheritable in most cases. However, there is a hereditary component, as familial clusters of lung diseases have been observed. If there are already several cases of COPD in a family, the risk for descendants may also be increased.
Chronic Infections
Repeated respiratory infections in childhood or adulthood can significantly increase the risk of developing COPD. Frequent infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia damage the airways and can lead to chronic inflammation, which can significantly impair lung function in the long term.
Premature Birth
Furthermore, premature infants often have incomplete lung development, making their airways more susceptible to early damage. These children may be at higher risk later in life for developing COPD or other lung diseases, as their lung structure and function may often be impaired.
All these causes and risk factors illustrate the importance of prevention and early intervention to prevent the development and progression of COPD.
Smoking and COPD
Smoking is the most important risk factor for the development of COPD and contributes to more than 80% of cases of this severe lung disease. Tobacco smoke contains chemical substances that promote inflammation and damage lung tissue. Studies show that approximately 20% of smokers develop significant lung function impairment during their lifetime, which can lead to COPD. Statistics also demonstrate that smokers have up to 10 times higher risk of developing COPD compared to non-smokers. Furthermore, the disease progression worsens more rapidly the longer and more intensively tobacco is consumed.
Inhaling cigarette smoke leads to chronic inflammation in the airways. These inflammations in turn cause permanent damage to the bronchi and bronchioles, resulting in narrowing of the airways. The fine alveoli lose their elasticity due to tobacco smoke, which impairs oxygen uptake and gas exchange in the lungs. As the disease progresses, destruction of lung tissue can occur, causing irreversible restriction of lung function. Smoking also inhibits the repair mechanisms of the lungs, which further exacerbates the damage.
Passive smoking also poses a health risk and is another important risk factor for the development of COPD. People who are regularly exposed to tobacco smoke without smoking themselves have an increased risk of developing COPD and other lung diseases. Children, pregnant women, and those living with smokers are particularly vulnerable as they are often exposed to constant passive tobacco consumption. Here too, the chemical substances in smoke damage the airways, promote inflammatory processes, and reduce lung capacity.
COPD Symptoms
COPD typically develops gradually, with symptoms often being barely noticeable in the early stages. Early signs include shortness of breath, cough, and sputum production. These symptoms are typical, particularly for long-term smokers. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become increasingly pronounced.
- Cough: A frequent and persistent cough, especially in the morning, is one of the first symptoms. Over time, the cough becomes more intense and occurs more frequently as the disease progresses. The cough is often accompanied by sputum, which can be thick and mucous.
- Increased sputum production: Increased mucus production is one of the typical signs of COPD. This is particularly pronounced in the morning hours and becomes more intense over time, especially in cases of chronic bronchitis.
- Shortness of breath: Initially, shortness of breath occurs only during physical exertion. However, as the disease progresses, it can also occur at rest, significantly affecting quality of life.
- Breathlessness: Patients often report feeling unable to get enough air, especially during physical activities such as climbing stairs or taking longer walks.
- Worsening with physical exertion: As the severity of the disease progresses, symptoms significantly increase during physical activity. Activities such as climbing stairs or walking quickly can cause considerable shortness of breath.
- Breathing sounds: With advanced COPD, wheezing may occur, caused by narrowed airways. These sounds are particularly audible during exhalation.
- Chest tightness: Many patients complain of an uncomfortable feeling of tightness in the chest, caused by reduced lung capacity and difficult breathing processes.
COPD Diagnosis
The diagnosis of COPD typically follows multiple steps and consists of various examinations and tests that help identify the condition, determine its exact severity, and rule out other possible causes of symptoms. Early diagnosis is therefore crucial to begin individualized therapy promptly and slow the progression of the disease.
The diagnostic process begins with a thorough medical history to capture specific symptoms, smoking history, and possible occupational exposures. This information plays an important role as COPD is often associated with smoking, and certain occupations can increase the risk. Additionally, patients are often asked about existing pre-existing conditions and family history, as genetic factors may also play a role. This is followed by a physical examination, during which the doctor percusses the lungs and listens to breathing sounds with a stethoscope to detect possible signs of airway obstruction or inflammation. In obstructive lung disease such as COPD, narrowed airways and increased airway resistance are typically expected. This can lead to slowed airflow during exhalation. Particular attention may also be paid to signs of shortness of breath, thick sputum, and viscous mucus production.
The next step in diagnosis is pulmonary function testing, also known as spirometry. This is the most important test for diagnosing COPD. The patient breathes into a device that measures airflow to determine lung capacity and airflow in the airways. Particularly important are the values of Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1), the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled in the first second after a deep inhalation, and the Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), which measures the total volume of air that can be forcibly exhaled after maximum inhalation. A low ratio of FEV1 to FVC is a clear indication of airway obstruction and thus the presence of COPD.
For a more precise assessment of the severity of COPD and lung health, additional tests may be performed. This includes, for example, measuring blood oxygen saturation, also called pulse oximetry. This examination is crucial to determine whether the patient is taking in enough oxygen during breathing.
In advanced stages of COPD, blood gas analysis may also be performed to more accurately determine blood oxygen and carbon dioxide levels. This form of blood testing can provide indications of decreased oxygen saturation and elevated CO2 levels. Additionally, a chest X-ray or computed tomography (CT) of the lungs may be required to identify structural changes in the lungs, such as emphysema or typical lung changes due to long-term smoking. These imaging procedures also help rule out other conditions that can cause symptoms similar to COPD.
The diagnosis of COPD thus consists of a combination of clinical examinations, pulmonary function tests, imaging procedures, and blood tests. In particular, pulmonary function testing and measurement of airflow are crucial to demonstrate the obstructive component of the disease.
COPD Treatment
The treatment of COPD often consists of a variety of approaches aimed at relieving symptoms, improving quality of life, and slowing the progression of the disease as much as possible. The goal of treatment is to open airways, reduce inflammation, and maintain lung function to better manage daily activities. The therapy is therefore individually tailored and may include medication, non-medication, and supportive measures that are based on the severity and specific needs of the patient.
Treatment with Medication (Pharmacological Treatment)
Medication plays a central role in controlling symptoms and slowing the progression of COPD. Among the most important medications are bronchodilators, which help to widen the airways and thus facilitate breathing. There are two main types of bronchodilators: short-acting, such as salbutamol, and long-acting, such as formoterol. Corticosteroids are also frequently used, particularly in inhalation form, to reduce inflammation in the airways and decrease the frequency of exacerbations.
In more severe cases, it may be necessary to use a combination of different medications to achieve optimal effect. For patients with advanced COPD and frequent exacerbations, oxygen therapy may be required to stabilize blood oxygen levels. In particularly severe cases, where medication therapy is no longer sufficient, surgical interventions or even lung transplantation are often considered.
Treatment with medication often needs to be combined with other measures, such as smoking cessation, pulmonary rehabilitation, and a healthy diet, to slow disease progression and improve quality of life.
Non-pharmacological Treatment
In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological treatment plays an important role in alleviating COPD symptoms and improving patients’ quality of life. These measures aim to stabilize lung function, increase physical endurance, and reduce the frequency of exacerbations. They are used as a complement to medication therapy and help slow the progression of the disease.
Smoking cessation is a crucial component of non-pharmacological treatment, as smoking is the primary cause of COPD development and progression. Quitting cigarettes is therefore the most important step to alleviate symptoms and positively influence the course of the disease. In many cases, smoking cessation programs and nicotine replacement therapies can provide valuable support. Another essential component of treatment is pulmonary rehabilitation, which includes a structured program of physiotherapeutic exercises, breathing techniques, and psychosocial support.
Targeted exercises aim to improve endurance and strengthen respiratory muscles, which can noticeably increase the patient’s physical capacity. Breathing techniques, such as pursed-lip breathing, help reduce shortness of breath and improve the body’s oxygen supply.
Furthermore, nutritional counseling plays an important role, as COPD patients often suffer from weight loss or malnutrition due to shortness of breath and decreased appetite. A balanced diet rich in proteins and antioxidants supports the immune system and helps optimize the body’s energy supply.
Oxygen therapy represents another non-pharmacological measure that can be essential for patients with advanced COPD. It is used when blood oxygen levels are significantly reduced. Oxygen devices provide patients with sufficient oxygen, especially during physical activity or sleep.
Finally, psychosocial support is also a non-pharmacological approach that is of great importance in coping with the disease. Anxiety, depression, and stress can worsen COPD symptoms. Therefore, conversations with a psychologist or participation in support groups are often helpful in reducing the emotional stress associated with the illness and improving quality of life.
Exacerbated COPD and Emergency Management
An exacerbation in COPD refers to an acute worsening of symptoms, typically triggered by an infection or other external factors. During an exacerbation, symptoms such as shortness of breath, cough, and increased sputum production suddenly intensify and can worsen dramatically within hours or days. These acute deteriorations pose a serious threat and require prompt and targeted treatment to prevent further decline in lung function. The treatment of exacerbated COPD generally involves corticosteroids, which have anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, antibiotics may be necessary if a bacterial infection has caused the exacerbation, as infections frequently lead to symptom deterioration. In very severe cases, supplementary oxygen therapy or hospital admission may be required to closely monitor patients and stabilize respiratory function. Early recognition and proper management of an exacerbation are therefore crucial to minimize the risk of long-term lung damage and further progression of the disease.
Alternative Medical Approaches in Treatment
In addition to classical drug therapy, there are numerous alternative medical approaches that can support COPD patients by alleviating symptoms and improving quality of life. These often complement traditional forms of treatment and can help enhance well-being and facilitate coping with the disease. When applying these therapies, good scientific evidence must always be considered.
Ozone Therapy
Ozone therapy is a method in which medical ozone is introduced into the body to strengthen the immune system and promote blood circulation. Ozone has anti-inflammatory properties and can help improve lung function by enhancing oxygen supply throughout the body. The therapy is primarily used as a supportive treatment for chronic respiratory diseases such as COPD and can help reduce inflammation in the airways and support the healing process.
Intestinal Cleansing
A healthy gut flora is crucial for the immune system, and a disturbed microbiota can intensify inflammatory processes in the body. For COPD patients, who frequently suffer from chronic inflammation, intestinal rehabilitation can be beneficial. It aims to regenerate the microbiome in the intestine, which can indirectly improve the inflammatory status throughout the entire body.
Infusion Therapy (IV Therapy)
This form of therapy is used in many cases to strengthen the immune system and for rehydration. Specifically for COPD patients, infusion therapy with vitamins, minerals, and trace elements can help improve overall well-being and support the immune system. Proper nutrient supply is of central importance for managing the disease and for the body’s regeneration.
Breathing Exercises
Breathing exercises play a key role in the treatment of COPD, as they help strengthen respiratory muscles and improve lung capacity. The Buteyko method focuses on slowing down breathing to increase carbon dioxide levels in the blood, thereby promoting better oxygen uptake. Another effective technique is pursed-lip breathing, where patients consciously breathe through slightly closed lips to regulate airflow and keep airways open.
Acupuncture
Acupuncture is increasingly being used as a complementary treatment for COPD. It is intended to help restore balance in the body and improve blood and air circulation. It is believed that acupuncture relieves tension and opens the airways, which can alleviate symptoms such as shortness of breath and coughing.
Aromatherapy
Certain essential oils such as eucalyptus or peppermint oil are frequently used in the treatment of respiratory diseases. These oils can open the airways, dissolve mucus, and facilitate airflow. Aromatherapy can also help reduce stress and alleviate symptoms of COPD such as coughing and airway congestion.
Orthomolecular Medicine
In orthomolecular medicine, targeted supplementation with vitamins, minerals, and trace elements is used to promote health. For COPD patients, omega-3 fatty acids from sources like fish oil or flaxseed, as well as antioxidants, can help reduce inflammation and support lung function. Vitamin D also plays an important role as it strengthens the immune system and inhibits inflammatory processes in the body.
Nutritional Medicine
A balanced diet is essential for COPD patients to support the immune system and alleviate symptoms. Particularly valuable are omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory effects, as well as antioxidants, which prevent cell damage caused by free radicals. Additionally, vitamin D levels should be regularly monitored, as vitamin D plays an important role in fighting inflammation and maintaining healthy immune function.
Phytotherapy
Phytotherapy offers a variety of possibilities to support COPD patients. Medicinal plants such as thyme, ivy, and linden flowers can improve lung function, dissolve mucus, and clear the airways. These herbal preparations are often available in the form of teas, tinctures, or capsules and provide natural support in the treatment of respiratory diseases.
The combination of these alternative approaches can in many cases be a valuable complement to conventional COPD treatment and help reduce both the physical and psychological burdens of the disease.
COPD Prevention
Early detection and prevention of COPD are of great importance to prevent the development or progression of the disease and maintain quality of life. Since COPD is a progressive disease associated with serious health complications, it is particularly important to take appropriate measures early on. A healthy lifestyle plays an essential role in prevention and can significantly reduce the risk.
- Avoid smoking: Smoking is the main cause of COPD. Those who avoid smoking or quit can significantly reduce their risk of developing the disease. Smoking cessation is therefore the most important preventive measure.
- Exercise and physical activity: Regular physical activity is an important factor in reducing the risk of COPD. Exercise not only strengthens the lungs but also improves breathing capacity and ensures that the cardiovascular system functions well. Even moderate activities such as walking or cycling can positively influence lung function in the long term and reduce the risk of respiratory diseases.
- Protection from environmental factors: Avoiding exposure to harmful environmental substances such as dust or chemicals can additionally reduce the risk of developing COPD.
Long-term Prognosis and Life Expectancy
The long-term prognosis and life expectancy for COPD patients strongly depend on the stage of the disease, treatment, and the patient’s general health condition. The BODE Index or BODE Score is typically used to determine the prognosis.
COPD is a progressive disease, which means that symptoms and lung function continue to decline over time. Without appropriate treatment, this can lead to significant limitations in quality of life and reduced life expectancy. However, early diagnosis and consistent therapies can slow the progression of the disease and substantially improve quality of life. Smokers who are unable to quit tobacco often have a worse prognosis, as smoking accelerates the course of the disease and leads to serious complications. The life expectancy of COPD patients can vary greatly depending on the severity of the disease and other factors such as the presence of comorbidities. With early intervention, such as medication, improvement of respiratory functions, and oxygen therapy, life expectancy can often be extended and quality of life largely maintained.
Life Expectancy with COPD
Early diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for life expectancy. Smoking cessation is particularly important, as smoking significantly worsens the disease. With timely treatment, there may be a possibility to slow the progression of the disease and improve quality of life. Additionally, avoiding harmful substances such as air pollution plays a role in the long-term prognosis.
Life expectancy according to GOLD stages:
- GOLD 1 (Mild): With timely treatment and smoking cessation, life expectancy is normal to slightly limited. Good therapy can maintain quality of life.
- GOLD 2 (Moderate): Limited lung function, but regular treatment and smoking cessation can achieve a stable quality of life.
- GOLD 3 (Severe): Significantly limited lung function, especially with complications such as cardiovascular diseases or frequent exacerbations.
- GOLD 4 (Very Severe): Severely limited lung function, with frequent exacerbations and other serious health complications. Life expectancy is significantly reduced in this stage.
Sources:
End-Stage COPD
End-stage COPD represents the most severe form of the disease and is characterized by substantial impairment of lung function leading to severe breathing problems. In this stage, the lungs are severely damaged, and the airways are significantly narrowed, resulting in massive restriction of breathing. Patients often experience regular and frequent shortness of breath, even during rest periods, making everyday activities almost impossible. Additionally, severe lung infections and increasing fatigue frequently occur. In the end stage, blood oxygen levels are typically significantly reduced, which can lead to a bluish discoloration of the lips and fingernails. Both emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which typically accompany COPD, are more prevalent in this stage, further deteriorating lung function. Patients therefore often require oxygen therapy to compensate for oxygen deficiency and improve quality of life. Other symptoms in the end stage include significant weight loss, reduced strength and stamina, cardiovascular problems due to chronic strain, and increasing occurrence of breathing pauses. In this phase, intensive medical care may be necessary to alleviate symptoms and slow the progression of the disease as much as possible. The prognosis in end-stage COPD is unfortunately poor, and patients’ lives can be significantly shortened. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to slow the progression of the disease and improve the quality of life for those affected as much as possible.
Dr. med. Karsten Ostermann M.A.
An integrative health approach with different specialities can help prevent COPD and improve the quality of life when the disease progresses.
Common Questions about COPD
In the following, we want to answer your questions about COPD in more detail to give you a better understanding of the causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) is a progressive lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways. The most common cause is smoking, but environmental factors and genetic predisposition can also play a role. Treatment of COPD includes medications such as bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids that help widen the airways and reduce inflammation. In advanced stages, oxygen therapy, breathing techniques, and lung transplantation may be necessary. Smoking cessation and a healthy lifestyle are also crucial.
COPD is currently not curable as it is a chronic, progressive disease. However, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment (such as medications, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes) can slow the disease and alleviate symptoms. It’s important to note that smoking cessation and prevention are crucial to improving quality of life and slowing the progression of the disease.
In most cases, COPD is not directly hereditary, but genetic factors can increase the risk. A well-known example is Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic disorder that makes the lungs more susceptible to damage from smoking and environmental factors. People with this genetic predisposition have a higher risk of developing COPD, especially if they smoke or are exposed to other harmful air particles.
The first signs of COPD are often mild breathing difficulties, especially during physical exertion, as well as a persistent cough that frequently occurs in the morning. Those affected also often notice increased sputum and a feeling of shortness of breath, especially during activities like climbing stairs. These symptoms typically develop slowly, so they are often overlooked at the beginning or misinterpreted as normal consequences of aging or smoking.
Oxygen is needed for COPD when blood oxygen saturation falls below a certain value, usually below 88-89%. This can occur in advanced stages of the disease, particularly when lung function is severely limited and the body is not adequately supplied with oxygen. Long-term oxygen therapy can help improve quality of life and reduce strain on the heart by compensating for oxygen deficiency in the body.
Various medications are often used for COPD to relieve symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. Bronchodilators help widen the airways and make breathing easier. Inhaled corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation in the airways. In some cases, combination therapies are also used to both fight inflammation and widen the airways.
Life expectancy with COPD varies depending on the severity of the disease, the time of diagnosis, and the effectiveness of treatment. In the early stages, especially with timely diagnosis and smoking cessation, life expectancy can be almost normal. However, in advanced stages (Gold 3 and 4), life expectancy decreases significantly, especially with frequent exacerbations and accompanying complications such as cardiovascular diseases. Generally, the average life expectancy with advanced COPD is about 5 to 10 years but can be extended with consistent treatment and lifestyle changes.
COPD is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by permanent narrowing of the airways, which makes breathing difficult. It usually develops from years of smoking or exposure to air pollutants and leads to chronic cough, shortness of breath, and increased sputum. COPD is a progressive disease that worsens over time but can be slowed with early diagnosis and targeted treatment.
Further information
The information listed contains relevant topics and serves to improve understanding.